```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Tomcat连接器解析 | 技术小馆</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/font-awesome/6.4.0/css/all.min.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/tailwindcss/2.2.19/tailwind.min.css">
    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Serif+SC:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Noto+Sans+SC:wght@300;400;500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid@latest/dist/mermaid.min.js"></script>
    <style>
        body {
            font-family: 'Noto Sans SC', Tahoma, Arial, Roboto, "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans Fallback", "Heiti SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", Simsun, sans-serif;
            background-color: #f8f9fa;
            color: #333;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }
        .hero-gradient {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6e8efb 0%, #4a6cf7 100%);
        }
        .card-hover {
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            transform: translateY(0);
        }
        .card-hover:hover {
            transform: translateY(-5px);
            box-shadow: 0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
        }
        .connector-icon {
            font-size: 2.5rem;
            margin-bottom: 1rem;
            color: #4a6cf7;
        }
        .code-block {
            background-color: #2d3748;
            color: #e2e8f0;
            border-left: 4px solid #4a6cf7;
        }
        .first-letter {
            font-size: 3.5rem;
            line-height: 1;
            float: left;
            margin-right: 0.5rem;
            margin-top: 0.25rem;
            font-weight: 700;
            color: #4a6cf7;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <!-- Hero Section -->
    <section class="hero-gradient text-white py-20 px-4">
        <div class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl">
            <div class="flex flex-col items-center text-center">
                <h1 class="text-4xl md:text-5xl font-bold mb-6 font-serif">Tomcat连接器深度解析</h1>
                <p class="text-xl md:text-2xl mb-8 max-w-3xl leading-relaxed">
                    探索Tomcat服务器中四种核心连接器的技术原理、性能差异与最佳实践
                </p>
                <div class="flex space-x-4">
                    <a href="#content" class="px-6 py-3 bg-white text-blue-600 font-medium rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-50 transition duration-300">
                        开始阅读 <i class="fas fa-arrow-down ml-2"></i>
                    </a>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <!-- Main Content -->
    <div id="content" class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl px-4 py-16">
        <!-- Introduction -->
        <section class="mb-16">
            <div class="prose max-w-none">
                <p class="text-lg leading-relaxed mb-6">
                    <span class="first-letter">T</span>omcat 中的连接器（Connector）是负责接收客户端请求和向客户端发送响应的核心组件。作为服务器架构的关键部分，连接器处理低层次的网络通信，提供对 HTTP 协议的支持，并将请求转换为内部的请求对象，再将响应对象转换为网络数据发送给客户端。在现代Web应用中，选择适合的连接器类型对系统性能有着决定性影响。
                </p>
            </div>
        </section>

        <!-- Visualization -->
        <section class="mb-16">
            <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold mb-8 text-center font-serif">连接器性能对比</h2>
            <div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-lg p-6">
                <div class="mermaid">
                    graph TD
                    A[Tomcat连接器] --> B[BIO]
                    A --> C[NIO]
                    A --> D[APR/Native]
                    A --> E[NIO2]
                    B -->|"线程:连接=1:1"| F[高线程开销]
                    C -->|"多路复用"| G[高并发]
                    D -->|"原生I/O"| H[最高性能]
                    E -->|"异步I/O"| I[精细控制]
                    style A fill:#4a6cf7,color:#fff
                    style B fill:#f6ad55,color:#fff
                    style C fill:#68d391,color:#fff
                    style D fill:#f687b3,color:#fff
                    style E fill:#9f7aea,color:#fff
                </div>
            </div>
        </section>

        <!-- Connector Cards -->
        <section class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-8 mb-16">
            <!-- BIO Card -->
            <div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden card-hover">
                <div class="p-6">
                    <div class="flex flex-col items-center text-center mb-4">
                        <div class="connector-icon">
                            <i class="fas fa-stopwatch"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-2">BIO 连接器</h3>
                        <span class="inline-block px-3 py-1 text-sm font-semibold text-orange-600 bg-orange-100 rounded-full">阻塞式I/O</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="prose max-w-none">
                        <p class="mb-4">使用传统的 Java 阻塞式 I/O 方式，即一个线程处理一个连接。当一个线程在读取数据时，它会被阻塞，直到数据完全可用。</p>
                        <div class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded-lg mb-4">
                            <h4 class="font-bold text-gray-800 mb-2">应用场景</h4>
                            <p>适用于低并发场景或小型应用，服务器硬件资源较少的环境。一般情况下，不推荐在高并发、高负载的环境中使用 BIO 连接器。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="code-block p-4 rounded-lg overflow-x-auto">
                            <pre><code>&lt;Connector port="8080" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol" 
           connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" /&gt;</code></pre>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>

            <!-- NIO Card -->
            <div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden card-hover">
                <div class="p-6">
                    <div class="flex flex-col items-center text-center mb-4">
                        <div class="connector-icon">
                            <i class="fas fa-bolt"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-2">NIO 连接器</h3>
                        <span class="inline-block px-3 py-1 text-sm font-semibold text-green-600 bg-green-100 rounded-full">非阻塞I/O</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="prose max-w-none">
                        <p class="mb-4">基于 Java NIO（非阻塞 I/O）库实现，支持多路复用。使用少量线程可以同时管理大量连接，因为线程不会被阻塞等待数据。</p>
                        <div class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded-lg mb-4">
                            <h4 class="font-bold text-gray-800 mb-2">应用场景</h4>
                            <p>适用于高并发、大流量的应用场景，如互联网应用、电子商务网站、社交平台等。推荐在生产环境中使用 NIO 连接器。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="code-block p-4 rounded-lg overflow-x-auto">
                            <pre><code>&lt;Connector port="8080" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"
           connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" /&gt;</code></pre>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>

            <!-- APR Card -->
            <div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden card-hover">
                <div class="p-6">
                    <div class="flex flex-col items-center text-center mb-4">
                        <div class="connector-icon">
                            <i class="fas fa-tachometer-alt"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-2">APR/Native 连接器</h3>
                        <span class="inline-block px-3 py-1 text-sm font-semibold text-pink-600 bg-pink-100 rounded-full">原生高性能</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="prose max-w-none">
                        <p class="mb-4">使用 Apache Portable Runtime（APR）库处理网络通信，提供本地化的高性能 I/O 操作，支持异步 I/O、内存映射文件、加密加速等。</p>
                        <div class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded-lg mb-4">
                            <h4 class="font-bold text-gray-800 mb-2">应用场景</h4>
                            <p>适用于需要高性能 I/O 操作的场景，尤其是 SSL/TLS 加密需求较高的应用。推荐在需要最大化网络和 I/O 性能的环境中使用。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="code-block p-4 rounded-lg overflow-x-auto">
                            <pre><code>&lt;Connector port="8080" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol"
           connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" /&gt;</code></pre>
                        </div>
                        <div class="bg-yellow-50 border-l-4 border-yellow-400 p-4 mt-4">
                            <p class="text-yellow-700">注意：使用 APR 连接器需要安装 APR 本地库（如 <code>tcnative</code> 和 <code>OpenSSL</code>）。</p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>

            <!-- NIO2 Card -->
            <div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden card-hover">
                <div class="p-6">
                    <div class="flex flex-col items-center text-center mb-4">
                        <div class="connector-icon">
                            <i class="fas fa-sync-alt"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-2">NIO2 连接器</h3>
                        <span class="inline-block px-3 py-1 text-sm font-semibold text-purple-600 bg-purple-100 rounded-full">异步I/O</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="prose max-w-none">
                        <p class="mb-4">基于 Java 7 引入的 NIO.2（异步 I/O）库实现，支持异步非阻塞 I/O 操作。提供了更细粒度的控制，允许异步读取和写入。</p>
                        <div class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded-lg mb-4">
                            <h4 class="font-bold text-gray-800 mb-2">应用场景</h4>
                            <p>适用于需要异步处理高并发连接的应用场景，特别是对响应时间和资源使用有严格要求的系统。</p>
                        </div>
                        <div class="code-block p-4 rounded-lg overflow-x-auto">
                            <pre><code>&lt;Connector port="8080" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Nio2Protocol"
           connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" /&gt;</code></pre>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </section>

        <!-- Comparison Section -->
        <section class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md p-8 mb-16">
            <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold mb-8 text-center font-serif">连接器对比与选择指南</h2>
            <div class="overflow-x-auto">
                <table class="min-w-full divide-y divide-gray-200">
                    <thead class="bg-gray-50">
                        <tr>
                            <th scope="col" class="px-6 py-3 text-left text-xs font-medium text-gray-500 uppercase tracking-wider">比较项</th>
                            <th scope="col" class="px-6 py-3 text-left text-xs font-medium text-gray-500 uppercase tracking-wider">BIO</th>
                            <th scope="col" class="px-6 py-3 text-left text-xs font-medium text-gray-500 uppercase tracking-wider">NIO</th>
                            <th scope="col" class="px-6 py-3 text-left text-xs font-medium text-gray-500 uppercase tracking-wider">APR</th>
                            <th scope="col" class="px-6 py-3 text-left text-xs font-medium text-gray-500 uppercase tracking-wider">NIO2</th>
                        </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody class="bg-white divide-y divide-gray-200">
                        <tr>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap font-medium text-gray-900">I/O模型</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">阻塞式</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">非阻塞式</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">原生非阻塞</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">异步非阻塞</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap font-medium text-gray-900">线程模型</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">1线程/连接</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">多路复用</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">多路复用</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">异步I/O</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap font-medium text-gray-900">并发能力</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">低</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">高</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">最高</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">高</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap font-medium text-gray-900">配置复杂度</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">简单</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">简单</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">复杂</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">中等</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap font-medium text-gray-900">推荐场景</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">低并发/测试</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">生产环境</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">高性能/SSL</td>
                            <td class="px-6 py-4 whitespace-nowrap">异步应用</td>
                        </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
            </div>
            <div class="prose max-w-none mt-8">
                <h3 class="text-xl font-bold mb-4">选择建议</h3>
                <ul class="space-y-2">
                    <li><strong>BIO vs. NIO</strong>：BIO 适用于低并发和资源有限的场景，但在高并发时性能较差；NIO 能更好地处理大量并发连接，是目前主流的选择。</li>
                    <li><strong>NIO vs. APR</strong>：APR 提供更好的 I/O 性能，特别是在 SSL/TLS 加密和大文件传输方面，但需要安装额外的本地库；NIO 是纯 Java 实现，配置和使用更简单。</li>
                    <li><strong>NIO vs. NIO2</strong>：NIO2 提供更细粒度的异步 I/O 控制，适用于需要高度并发和非阻塞通信的应用，选择 NIO2 需确保应用对异步操作有需求。</li>
                </ul>
            </div>
        </section>
    </div>

    <!-- Footer -->
    <footer class="bg-gray-900 text-white py-12">
        <div class="container mx-auto px-4">
            <div class="flex flex-col items-center">
                <div class="text-2xl font-bold mb-4 font-serif">技术小馆</div>
                <div class="text-gray-400 mb-4">探索技术的奥秘，品味知识的芬芳</div>
                <a href="http://www.yuque.com/jtostring" class="text-blue-400 hover:text-blue-300 transition duration-300">
                    <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt mr-2"></i> http://www.yuque.com/jtostring
                </a>
            </div>
        </div>
    </footer>

    <script>
        mermaid.initialize({
            startOnLoad: true,
            theme: 'default',
            flowchart: {
                useMaxWidth: true,
                htmlLabels: true,
                curve: 'basis'
            }
        });
        
        // 平滑滚动
        document.querySelectorAll('a[href^="#"]').forEach(anchor => {
            anchor.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                document.querySelector(this.getAttribute('href')).scrollIntoView({
                    behavior: 'smooth'
                });
            });
        });
    </script>
</body>
</html>
```